Auditing Cloud Computing

The auditor′s guide to ensuring correct security and privacy practices in a cloud computing environment Many organizations are reporting or projecting a significant cost savings through the use of cloud computing—utilizing shared computing resources to provide ubiquitous access for organizations and end users. Just as many organizations, however, are expressing concern with security and privacy issues for their organization′s data in the "cloud." Auditing Cloud Computing provides necessary guidance to build a proper audit to ensure operational integrity and customer data protection, among other aspects, are addressed for cloud based resources. Provides necessary guidance to ensure auditors address security and privacy aspects that through a proper audit can provide a specified level of assurance for an organization′s resources Reveals effective methods for evaluating the security and privacy practices of cloud services A cloud computing reference for auditors and IT security professionals, as well as those preparing for certification credentials, such as Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) Timely and practical, Auditing Cloud Computing expertly provides information to assist in preparing for an audit addressing cloud computing security and privacy for both businesses and cloud based service providers.

Preface xiii Chapter 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing 1 History 1 Defining Cloud Computing 2 Elasticity 2 Multitenancy 3 Economics 3 Abstraction 3 Cloud Computing Services Layers 4 Infrastructure as a Service 5 Platform as a Service 5 Software as a Service 6 Roles in Cloud Computing 6 Consumer 6 Provider 6 Integrator 7 Cloud Computing Deployment Models 8 Private 8 Community 8 Public 9 Hybrid 9 Challenges 9 Availability 10 Data Residency 10 Multitenancy 11 Performance 11 Data Evacuation 12 Supervisory Access 12 In Summary 13 Chapter 2: Cloud–Based IT Audit Process 15 The Audit Process 16 Control Frameworks for the Cloud 18 ENISA Cloud Risk Assessment 20 FedRAMP 20 Entities Using COBIT 21 CSA Guidance 21 CloudAudit/A6—The Automated Audit, Assertion, Assessment, and Assurance API 22 Recommended Controls 22 Risk Management and Risk Assessment 26 Risk Management 27 Risk Assessment 27 Legal 28 In Summary 29 Chapter 3: Cloud–Based IT Governance 33 Governance in the Cloud 36 Understanding the Cloud 36 Security Issues in the Cloud 37 Abuse and Nefarious Use of Cloud Computing 38 Insecure Application Programming Interfaces 39 Malicious Insiders 39 Shared Technology Vulnerabilities 39 Data Loss/Leakage 40 Account, Service, and Traffic Hijacking 40 Unknown Risk Profile 40 Other Security Issues in the Cloud 41 Governance 41 IT Governance in the Cloud 44 Managing Service Agreements 44 Implementing and Maintaining Governance for Cloud Computing 46 Implementing Governance as a New Concept 46 Preliminary Tasks 46 Adopt a Governance Implementation Methodology 48 Extending IT Governance to the Cloud 49 In Summary 52 Chapter 4: System and Infrastructure Lifecycle Management for the Cloud 57 Every Decision Involves Making a Tradeoff 57 Example: Business Continuity/Disaster Recovery 59 What about Policy and Process Collisions? 60 The System and Management Lifecycle Onion 61 Mapping Control Methodologies onto the Cloud 62 Information Technology Infrastructure Library 63 Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology 64 National Institute of Standards and Technology 65 Cloud Security Alliance 66 Verifying Your Lifecycle Management 67 Always Start with Compliance Governance 67 Verification Method 68 Illustrative Example 70 Risk Tolerance 72 Special Considerations for Cross–Cloud Deployments 73 The Cloud Provider’s Perspective 74 Questions That Matter 75 In Summary 76 Chapter 5: Cloud–Based IT Service Delivery and Support 79 Beyond Mere Migration 80 Architected to Share, Securely 80 Single–Tenant Offsite Operations (Managed Service Providers) 81 Isolated–Tenant Application Services (Application Service Providers) 81 Multitenant (Cloud) Applications and Platforms 82 Granular Privilege Assignment 82 Inherent Transaction Visibility 84 Centralized Community Creation 86 Coherent Customization 88 The Question of Location 90 Designed and Delivered for Trust 91 Fewer Points of Failure 91 Visibility and Transparency 93 In Summary 93 Chapter 6: Protection and Privacy of Information Assets in the Cloud 97 The Three Usage Scenarios 99 What Is a Cloud? Establishing the Context—Defining Cloud Solutions and their Characteristics 100 What Makes a Cloud Solution? 101 Understanding the Characteristics 104 Service Based 104 On–Demand Self–Service 104 Broad Network Access 104 Scalable and Elastic 105 Unpredictable Demand 105 Demand Servicing 105 Resource Pooling 105 Managed Shared Service 105 Auditability 105 Service Termination and Rollback 106 Charge by Quality of Service and Use 106 Capability to Monitor and Quantify Use 106 Monitor and Enforce Service Policies 107 Compensation for Location Independence 107 Multitenancy 107 Authentication and Authorization 108 Confidentiality 108 Integrity 108 Authenticity 108 Availability 108 Accounting and Control 109 Collaboration Oriented Architecture 109 Federated Access and ID Management 109 The Cloud Security Continuum and a Cloud Security Reference Model 110 Cloud Characteristics, Data Classification, and Information Lifecycle Management 113 Cloud Characteristics and Privacy and the Protection of Information Assets 113 Information Asset Lifecycle and Cloud Models 114 Data Privacy in the Cloud 118 Data Classification in the Context of the Cloud 119 Regulatory and Compliance Implications 119 A Cloud Information Asset Protection and Privacy Playbook 121 In Summary 124 Chapter 7: Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery 129 Business Continuity Planning and Disaster Recovery Planning Overview 129 Problem Statement 130 The Planning Process 131 The Auditor’s Role 133 Augmenting Traditional Disaster Recovery with Cloud Services 135 Cloud Computing and Disaster Recovery: New Issues to Consider 136 Cloud Computing Continuity 136 Audit Points to Emphasize 138 In Summary 139 Chapter 8: Global Regulation and Cloud Computing 143 What is Regulation? 144 Federal Information Security Management Act 146 Sarbanes–Oxley Law 146 Health Information Privacy Accountability Act 146 Graham/Leach/Bliley Act 147 Privacy Laws 147 Why Do Regulations Occur? 148 Some Key Takeaways 149 The Real World—A Mixing Bowl 149 Some Key Takeaways 151 The Regulation Story 151 Privacy 153 International Export Law and Interoperable Compliance 154 Effective Audit 155 Identifying Risk 156 In Summary 156 Chapter 9: Cloud Morphing: Shaping the Future of Cloud Computing Security and Audit 161 Where Is the Data? 162 A Shift in Thinking 164 Cloud Security Alliance 165 CloudAudit 1.0 166 Cloud Morphing Strategies 166 Virtual Security 167 Data in the Cloud 168 Cloud Storage 169 Database Classes in the Cloud 171 Perimeter Security 171 Cryptographic Protection of the Data 172 In Summary 173 Appendix: Cloud Computing Audit Checklist 175 About the Editor 181 About the Contributors 183 Index 191