Advanced Healthcare Materials Advanced Material Series

Offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary view of cutting-edge research on advanced materials for healthcare technology and applications

Advanced healthcare materials are attracting strong interest in fundamental as well as applied medical science and technology. This book summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of advanced materials for functional therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, translational materials, and up-and-coming bioengineering devices. Advanced Healthcare Materials highlights the key features that enable the design of stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles, novel biomaterials, and nano/micro devices for either diagnosis or therapy, or both, called theranostics. It also presents the latest advancements in healthcare materials and medical technology.

The senior researchers from global knowledge centers have written topics including:

• State-of-the-art of biomaterials for human health
• Micro- and nanoparticles and their application in biosensors
• The role of immunoassays
• Stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles
• Diagnosis and treatment of cancer
• Advanced materials for biomedical application and drug delivery
• Nanoparticles for diagnosis and/or treatment of Alzheimers disease
• Hierarchical modelling of elastic behavior of human dental tissue
• Biodegradable porous hydrogels
• Hydrogels in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound care
• Modified natural zeolites
• Supramolecular hydrogels based on cyclodextrin poly(pseudo)rotaxane
• Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based biomaterials
• Biomimetic molecularly imprinted polymers

Preface xvii

1Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 1
Arnab De, Sushil Mishra and Subho Mozumdar

1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology 2

1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 3

1.3 Delivery Systems 4

1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis 11

1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles 15

1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 16

1.7 Emulsion Polymerization 20

1.8 Purification of Nanoparticle 22

1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles 24

1.10 Drug Loading 25

1.11 Drug Release 26

1.12 Conclusion 27

References 27

2Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer—Where We Areand Where We Have to Go! 35
RajivLochan Gaur and Richa Srivastava

2.1 Cancer Pathology 36

2.2 Cancer Diagnosis 37

2.3 Treatment 41

Conclusion 42

References 42

3Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application andDrug Delivery 47
SalamJ.J.Titinchi,MayankP.Singh, Hanna S. Abbo and Ivan R. Green

3.1 Introduction 48

3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug Delivery Systems 48

3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications 52

3.4 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biological and Medical Applications 64

3.5 Conclusions 75

References 75

4Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment ofAlzheimer’s Disease 85
S.G.Antimisiaris, S. Mourtas, E. Markoutsa, A. Skouras,and K. Papadia

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 Nanoparticles 86

4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain-Located Pathologies: Focus on AD 96

4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD-Related Pathologies 110

4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD 136

4.6 Nanoparticles for Therapy of AD 146

4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges 160

Acknowledgments 161

References 161

5 Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro-and Nanoparticles and TheirApplication in Biosensor 179
ChongSun, Xiaobo Wang, Chun Mao and Jian Shen

5.1 Introduction 179

5.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 181

5.3 The Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System for Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 183

5.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection in Whole Blood 188

5.5 Conclusion and Prospect 194

References 195

6The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro-Devices on the Progress and Improvementof Human Health Care 199
Teles,F.R.R. and Fonseca, L.P.

6.1 Introduction 200

6.2 Physiological Biomarkers as Targets in Clinical Diagnostic Bioassays 202

6.3 Biosensors 205

6.4 Advanced Materials and Nanostructures for Health Care Applications 217

6.5 Applications of Micro-Devices to Some Important Clinical Pathologies 223

6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 227

Acknowledgment 227

References 228

7Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human DentalTissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization 233
TanSui and Alexander M. Korsunsky

7.1  Introduction 233

7.2 Experimental Techniques 236

7.3 Model Formulation 238

7.4 Experimental Results and Model Validation 245

7.5 Discussion 251

7.6 Conclusions 255

Acknowledgments 256

Appendix 256

References 260

8Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels 263
Martin Pradny, Miroslav Vetrik, Martin Hrubyand Jiri Michalek

8.1 Introduction 263

8.2 Methods of Preparation of Porous Hydrogels 265

8.3 Hydrogels Crosslinked With Degradable Crosslinkers 271

8.4 Hydrogels Degradable in the Main Chain 276

8.5 Conclusions 281

Acknowledgments 281

References 283

9Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Deliveryand Wound Care 289
Mohammad Sirousazar, Mehrdad Forough, Khalil Farhadi,YasamanShaabani and Rahim Molaei

9.1 Introduction 289

9.2 Types of Hydrogels 290

9.3 Properties of Hydrogels 295

9.4 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels 299

9.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 305

9.6 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels 308

9.7 Hydrogels for Wound Management 319

9.8 Recent Developments on Hydrogels 337

9.9 Conclusions 340

References 341

10Modified Natural Zeolites—Functional Characterizationand Biomedical Application 353
JelaMiliæ, Aleksandra Dakoviæ, Danina Krajišnik and George E. Rottinghaus

10.1 Introduction 354

10.2 Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZs) 359

10.3 Minerals as Pharmaceutical Excipients 366

10.4 SMZs for Pharmaceutical Application 372

10.5 Conclusions 389

Acknowledgement 390

References 390

11Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Cyclodextrin Poly(Pseudo)Rotaxane for New and EmergingBiomedical Applications 397
JinHuang, Jing Hao, Debbie P. Anderson andPeter R. Chang

11.1 Introduction 398

11.2 Fabrication of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 400

11.3 Stimulus-Response Properties of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane Based Hydrogels 409

11.4 Nanocomposite Supramolecular Hydrogels 413

11.5 Biomedical Application of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 420

11.6 Conclusions and Prospects 425

References 425

12Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Biomaterials for Applicationsin Biomedical Engineering 431
Chenghao Zhu and Qizhi Chen

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Synthesis of PHAs 433

12.3 Processing and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of PHAs 435

12.4 Mechanical Properties of PHA Sheets/Films 436

12.5 PHA-Based Polymer Blends 439

12.6 Summary 451

References 451

13Biomimetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as SmartMaterials and Future Perspective in Health Care 457
Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Farnoush Faridbodand Parviz Norouzi

13.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Technology 458

13.2 Synthesis of MIPs 458

13.3 Application of MIPs 463

13.4 Biomimetic Molecules 464

13.5 MIPs as Receptors in Bio-Molecular Recognition 465

13.6 MIPs as Sensing Elements in Sensors/Biosensors 466

13.7 MIPs as Drug Delivery Systems 467

13.8 MIPs as Sorbent Materials in Separation Science 475

13.9 Future Perspective of MIP Technologies 480

13.10 Conclusion 480

References 480

14The Role of Immunoassays in Urine Drug Screening 485
NiinaJ.Ronkainen and Stanley L. Okon

14.1 Introduction 486

14.2 Urine and Other Biological Specimens 489

14.3 Immunoassays 491

14.4 Drug Screening with Immunoassays 504

14.5 Immunoassay Specificity: False Negative and False Positive Test Results 507

14.6 Confirmatory Secondary Testing Using Chromatography Instruments 510

Conclusion 513

References

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics at Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.