Advanced Materials and Components for 5G and Beyond, 1st ed. 2022 Springer Series in Materials Science Series, Vol. 327

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the current status and future trends of materials and component design for fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications and beyond. Necessitated by rapidly increasing numbers of mobile devices and data volumes, and acting as a driving force for innovation in information technology, 5G networks are broadly characterized by ubiquitous connectivity, extremely low latency, and very high-speed data transfer. Such capabilities are facilitated by nanoscale and massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) with extreme base station and device densities, as well as unprecedented numbers of antennas. This book covers semiconductor solutions for 5G electronics, design and performance enhancement for 5G antennas, high frequency PCB materials and design requirements, materials for high frequency filters, EMI shielding materials and absorbers for 5G systems, thermal management materials and components, and protective packaging and sealing materials for 5G devices. It explores fundamental physics, design, and engineering aspects, as well as the full array of state-of-the-art applications of 5G-and-beyond wireless communications. Future challenges and potential trends of 5G-and-beyond applications and related materials technologies are also addressed. Throughout this book, illustrations clarify core concepts, techniques, and processes. At the end of each chapter, references serve as a gateway to the primary literature in the field. This book is essential reading for today?s students, scientists, engineers and professionals who want to understand the current status and future trends in materials advancement and component design in 5G and beyond, and acquire skills for selecting and using materials and 5G component design that takes economic and regulatory aspects into account.

Preface

1 5G technology components and material solutions for hardware system integration

   Abstract

   1.1 Evolution of 5G technology

   1.2 5G technology components

         1.2.1 5G spectrum

         1.2.2 Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas

         1.2.4 Dual connectivity and Long Term Evolution (LTE) coexistence

         1.2.5 Support for cloud implementation and edge computing

          1.3.1 Evolution of the cellular base station and its construction materials

          1.3.2 Drivers to 5G hardware system integration

                   1.3.3.1 Packaging requirements for 5G systems

                   1.3.3.2 Dielectric materials for 5G module packages

       1.3.3.3 Microwave circuit design and materials

        1.3.3.4 Electrically & thermally conductive materials and thermal management for 5G

        1.3.3.5 Integration of passive components

        1.3.3.6 Antenna systems in package

        1.3.3.7 High precision patterning in heterogeneous package integration for 5G

           1.3.4 Nanomaterials for nanoantennas in 5G

      1.4  Challenges in 5G and beyond – 6G

      1.5  Outlook and future perspectives

      References

     2.1 Evolution of 5G semiconductor technologies

     2.2 Effect of CMOS technology scaling on mmW operations

     2.3 Distributed and lumped design approaches for fabricating passives

2.3.1 Distributed approach

2.3.2 Lumped approach

      2.4 Comparison of silicon and III-V semiconductors

      2.6 GaN and GaN-on-SiC wide bandgap semiconductors for 5G applications

2.6.1 Characteristics of GaN devices applied in 5G technology

         2.6.2.1 GaN power integration for MMICS

         2.6.2.2 GaN base station Pas

         2.6.2.3 GaN frequency synthesis

References

  3 Design and performance enhancement for 5G antennas and beamforming integrated circuits

     3.1 5G Antenna classification

           3.1.1 Classification based on input and output ports

           3.1.2 Classification based on antenna types

     3.2 Performance enhancement techniques for 5G antenna design

           3.2.1 General antenna performance enhancement techniques

           3.2.2 Mutual coupling reduction (decoupling) techniques

      3.3 Structural design and building materials of 5G antennas

3.3.1 SISO wideband antennas

3.3.2 SISO Multiband antenna

3.3.4 MIMO multiband antennas

       References

 4 PCB materials and design requirements for 5G systems

    Abstract

    4.1 The evolution of printed circuit boards

           4.1.1 History

           4.1.2 Materials and fabrication process

     4.2 RF and high frequency PCB technologies

           4.2.1 Basic circuit configuration of high-frequency PCBs

           4.2.2 Transmission line parameters used in RF/high frequency PCB design

     4.3 Designing high frequency PCBs

           4.3.1 Variables affected the performance of high frequency PCBs

           4.3.2 High frequency PCB layout techniques

     4.4 Materials selection of PCBs for millimeter wave applications

           4.4.1 High frequency PCB materials selection guidelines

           4.4.2 PCB materials used for high frequency applications

        4.4.2.1 PCB substrate materials

        4.2.2.2 Conductors for high frequency PCBs

      4.5 The role of materials in high frequency PCB fabrication

            4.6.1 Mixed signal acceptance circuit board designs

            4.6.2 EMI shielding challenges

            4.6.4 Thermal management challenges

            4.6.5 Moisture absorption

 5 Materials for high frequency filters

    Abstract

    5.1 The 5G effect on filter technologies

          5.1.1 Current status of mobile device filter technologies

          5.1.2 The 5G filter performance challenges

       5.1.2.1 The 5G frequency spectrum

       5.1.2.2 The 5G filter requirements

       5.1.2.3 Physical design and emerging solutions for the 5G filters

      5.2 Materials and design for acoustic filters

5.2.1 Current application and band allocation of acoustic filter technology

5.2.2 Basic working principle of BAW filter

          5.2.2.1 Structure of BAW resonator

          5.2.2.2 Key parameters of BAW resonator

          5.2.2.3 Topology of BAW filter

5.2.3 Materials for BAW resonator

         5.2.3.1 Piezoelectric materials

         5.2.3.2 Electrode materials

5.2.4 Temperature compensation

5.2.5 Frequency tenability

5.2.6 Lithium niobate and laterally-excited bulk-wave resonators

      5.3 Microwave and mm-Wave filters based on MEMS technology

         5.3.1.1 Surface micromachining superconductor filters

         5.3.1.2 Planar microstrip filters

         5.3.1.4 Micromachined dielectric waveguide resonate filters

5.3.2 Micromachined tunable filters

    References

6 EMI shielding materials and absorbers for 5G communications

   Abstract

   6.1 EMI shielding design principle in 5G systems

   6.2 Component package-level EMI shielding for 5G modules

   6.3 Board level EMI shielding for 5G systems

   6.4 Design and materials selection for 5G absorbers

   6.5 Advanced metallic composite materials for high frequency EMI shielding

         6.5.1 Hollow and porous metal-based EMI shielding materials

         6.5.2 Metal-based EMI shielding composites with the frequency-selective transmission

         6.5.3 Particle-based EMI shielding metallic composites

         6.5.4 MXenes based EMI shielding composites

         6.5.5 Metal-based flexible EMI shielding materials

   6.6 Emerging polymer-based EMI shielding and absorber materials

   References

7 Thermal management materials and components for 5G devices

    Abstract

     7.1 Thermal management challenges and strategies in 5G devices

7.1.1 Form factors constrained thermal management solutions

7.1.2 5G mobile device level thermal management

7.1.4 Emerging thermal management challenges and strategies

       7.2 Thermal management materials and components for 5G-enabled mobile devices

            7.2.1 Thermal management design and fundamental solutions for smartphones

                      7.2.1.1 Thermal management design guideline

          7.2.1.2 Fundamental thermal management solutions 

          7.2.1.2.1 Heat conduction and spreading

          7.2.1.2.2 Convective air cooling

          7.2.1.2.3 Convective liquid cooling

              7.2.2 Materials selection for heat spreaders and heat sinks

              7.2.3 Flat plate heat pipes and vapor chambers for mobile electronic devices

              7.2.4 Thermal interface materials

              7.2.5 Thermal insulation materials

              7.2.6 Thermal metamaterials

        7.3 Thermal management of 5G base station antenna arrays

  7.3.1 Cooling in traditional AESA’s

  7.3.2 Cooling in planar AESA’s

  7.3.3 Antenna array cooling at mm-Waves

        References

8 Protective packaging and sealing materials for 5G mobile devices

   Abstract

   8.1 Design of 5G mm-Wave compatible covers for high end mobile devices

         8.1.1 Dielectric cover design

         8.1.2 Metallic cover design with inserting dielectric slots

   8.2 Thin film encapsulation in 5G electronic packaging

   8.3 Adhesives and sealants for 5G systems

  References

9 Perspectives on 5G and beyond applications and related technologies

   Abstract

   9.1 Applications in industry verticals and their needs

         9.1.1 5G in automotive

         9.1.2 Big data analytics in 5G

         9.1.3 5G Emergency communications

         9.1.4 Future factories enabled by 5G technology

         9.1.5 Smart health-care network based on 5G

         9.1.6 5G technology for smart energy management and smart city

      9.1.6.1 5G technology for smart city

      9.1.6.2 Applications of 5G technology in construction industry and infrastructures

      9.1.6.3 Smart building system and 5G communication technology

    9.3 Challenges and future trends in 5G core material devices

          9.3.1 Ultra-low-loss high-reliability copper-clad laminate for 5G high-speed communication

          9.3.2 5G metamaterials and low-loss high-performance RF technology

          9.3.3 5G low-loss magnetoelectric functional materials and devices

          9.3.5 Manufacturing technology of photoelectric integrated cables for 5G communications

          9.3.6 Multi-channel high linearity and large dynamic range RF optical transceiver integrated module

                   for 5G mobile communication

          9.3.7 All-optical network super-large core number optical fiber cables for 5G communications

         References

Provides comprehensive coverage of materials and component design for 5G with engaging insights

Explains the complex relationships between materials selection and device design and operating conditions

Envisions challenges and future perspectives of 5G-and-beyond applications and related technologies