Drought-resistant soils Optimization of soil moisture for sustainable plant production FAO Land and Water bulletin Series, Vol. 11
Langue : Anglais
Water is the “lifeblood” of agricultural practice worldwide. However,
water scarcity is a major constraint on rainfed agriculture. As well as
being a consequence of low or erratic rainfall, the perceived water
scarcity may be caused by choices made by the farmer, e.g. of a crop or
variety sensitive to water stress, or by inadequate management of
available water from rainfall. Inappropriate practices in a particular
context can have a dramatic affect on water resources management and soil
moisture availability. In order to minimize the impact of drought, soil
needs to capture the rainwater that falls on it, store as much of that
water as possible for future plant use, and allow plant roots to penetrate
and proliferate. Problems with or constraints on one or several of these
conditions cause soil moisture to be a major limiting factor for crop
growth. Where natural rainfall patterns or quantities do not allow
reasonably secure satisfaction of crop water requirements, the
conventional answer to water deficit has often been to increase water
availability through irrigation systems. However, irrigation may not be
feasible or even desirable. On the other hand, building on local
experiences over generations, farmers worldwide have developed management
options that can increase the capacity of soil to store water for plant
use and reduce vulnerability to drought. Soil can be managed in ways that
reduce the need for supplemental watering and increase the sustainability
of the farm. However, market forces and rural–urban migration in many
regions have introduced changes in farming systems and practices that have
negative impacts on resources management and increase the risk of drought,
as well as inducing other related negative environmental effects. In the
world today, about 40 percent of food production comes from irrigated
agriculture. However, most smallholder farmers in developing countries are
reliant on rainfed agriculture; a practice that will continue for several
reasons. Irrigation water and infrastructure is often not accessible or
viable depending on the resource endowment and agricultural
infrastructure. Moreover, irrigation development is usually expensive, and
sometimes economically and environmentally hazardous. As a result,
investment support for irrigation has declined considerably in the last 20
years. The potential for expansion of irrigation schemes in the arid and
semi-arid areas is limited, hampered by land suitability, water
availability, and conflicts over water ownership among farmers (and
between farmers and non-farmers). In this context, a significant
contribution to food security would be made by the development of improved
rainfed agriculture systems that are affordable and sustainable and that
increase water availability to crops in dry areas where other water
resources are not available or are uneconomic to develop. Recognizing the
importance of rainfed agriculture in food security and in particular to
the majority of smallholder farmers worldwide, improved rainfed management
strategies have to be developed in order to improve water productivity
within present farming systems. Under low and variable rainfall
conditions, efficient soil moisture management is a good way of improving
water-use efficiency. Specific runoff farming and water-harvesting
techniques may also be considered. The question is how to optimize soil
moisture, which is a key parameter for drought- proofing the soil and
increasing productivity in rainfed or irrigated agriculture, while
protecting water resources.
Date de parution : 06-2005
Ouvrage de 82 p.
Thèmes de Drought-resistant soils :
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